From the time I began helping people have interviews to giving hundreds of interviews about my own work, I’ve kept rigorous records of what works to get my points across in interviews and defeating or redirecting questioner attempts to have me say what they want. This document is the essence of those notes and records. Rather than use a “do” and “don’t” approach, let’s just learn the “do’s” and you’ll see an immediate change in your success rate and for those you advise. Please pay attention.
The principal lesson is that if you violate these realities of interviewing in any way, you’re the one, or those you help, who suffer the consequences. Start doing what you’re supposed to and forget the rest.
1. Speak only for yourself. Say less, write less, but make these communications truly important. 2. Answer every question. Aim for 75-to 150-word responses; this is 30–60 seconds reading or speaking time. Honorable organizations, people, programs, and initiatives can answer any question. 3. Always let others speak for themselves. When you try to speak for others, you will always be wrong and attacked or humiliated for being wrong. 4. Avoid claiming that you agree with your attacker or detractors on anything, unless they say so, publicly, first. Once opponents say it, you may quote them saying it, but always say what you believe to be true and back that up. 5. Avoid saying that you work closely with public agencies, other organizations. Avoid also saying you work closely with individuals related to your situation (even if you believe you do), unless they say so first and you then quote them. Otherwise, they can deny it (especially if controversy arises) or point out, as some may quite quickly, that whatever links exist are rather weak. They will then describe those weaknesses or deny that you have any real influence. Those who can and may support you in the future (public or private) must have their status preserved for the long run. Drawing them into your discussion or controversy could needlessly make them targets. They will have to abandon or, perhaps, denounce or distance themselves from you. 6. Assume that everyone in the discussion has more credibility than you do. Your job is to validate your credibility, every time, rather than to discredit others. 7. Be relentlessly positive. Avoid all negative words and be constructive. Avoid criticizing and criticism. Both provide the fuel opponents thrive on. 8. Focus on the truly important. Forget the rest. Respond to and develop what truly matters. Then move on. 9. Let attackers discredit themselves. Their emotional words and negative, destructive language equals less truth and trustworthiness. Avoid “friends” who suggest this approach. It will always backfire. 10. Practice laggership. Speak second, but quickly and always have the last word. 11. Remain calm; be positive. Critics, agitators, and bullies are energized by anger, emotionalism, whininess, and negative counter attacks. 12. Silence is always toxic to the accused. Speak up. Fail to speak up and, after a short while, even your friends will sacrifice or question you. 13. Apologies are always in order. Be sure your apology contains all of the crucial ingredients of an effective apology. The most constructive structures for apology are in The Five Languages of Apology: How to Experience Healing in All Your Relationships, a book by Gary Chapman and Jennifer Thomas. Here, with some paraphrasing and modification based on our experience, are the ingredients of the perfect apology.| 1. Regret (acknowledgment): A verbal acknowledgment by the perpetrator that their wrongful behavior caused unnecessary pain, suffering, and hurt that identifies, specifically, what action or behavior is responsible for the pain. |
| 2. Accepting Responsibility (declaration): An unconditional declarative statement by the perpetrator recognizing their wrongful behavior and acknowledging that there is no excuse for the behavior. |
| 3. Restitution (penance): An offer of help or assistance to victims, by the perpetrator; action beyond the words “I’m sorry”; and conduct that assumes the responsibility to make the situation right. |
| 4. Repentance (humility): Language by the perpetrator acknowledging that this behavior caused pain and suffering for which he/she is genuinely sorry; a commitment to do what is necessary to prevent a recurrence of what caused that pain. |
| 5. Direct Forgiveness Request: “I was wrong, I hurt you, and I ask you to forgive me.” This is a transfer of power, explicitly giving the person who was harmed the power to choose whether to forgive the person who caused harm. The most difficult and challenging aspects of apologizing are the admission of having done something hurtful, damaging, or wrong, and to request forgiveness. Skip even one step and you fail. |
©2026, James E. Lukaszewski. Contact the copyright holder at jel@e911.com for information and reproduction permissions. Editing or excerpting is forbidden.

